What is Optical Amplifier

As optical signals travel through an Optical Fiber, they are attenuated. In long-distance applications, the signal is attenuated to the point where re-amplification is required. Traditionally, a device is offten referred to as a repeater accomplished this re-amplification.
A repeater is basically a receiver and transmitter combined in one package. The receiver converts the incoming optical energy into electrical energy. The electrical output of the receiver drives the electrical input of the transmitter. The optical output of the transmitter represents an amplified version of the optical input signal plus noise.
The technology available today eliminates the need for repeaters. Passive Optical Amplifier are now used instead of repeaters. A passive optical amplifier amplification optical signal directly without need to electric and electric optical transformation.
There are several different physical mechanisms that can be used to amplify a light signal, which correspond to the major types of optical amplifiers. In doped fibre amplifiers and bulk lasers, stimulated emission in the amplifier’s gain medium causes amplification of incoming light. In semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs), electron-hole recombination occurs. In Raman amplifiers, Raman scattering of incoming light with phonons in the lattice of the gain medium produces photons coherent with the incoming photons. Parametric amplifiers use parametric amplification.
Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA)
Eribium doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) is gererally used for very long fiber links such as undersea cabling. The EDFA Optical Amplifier uses a fiber that has been treated or “doped” with erbium, and this is used as the amplification medium. The pump lasers operate at wavelength below the wavelengths that are to be amplified. The doped fiber is energized with the laser pump. As the optical signals is passed through this doped fiber, the erbium atoms transfer their energy to the signal, thereby increasing the energy or the strength of the signal as it passes. With this technique, it is common for the signal to be up to 50 times or 17dB stronger leaving the EDFA than it was when it entered.

Figure 1 shows CATV EDFA Fiber Optic Amplifier
Basic principle of EDFA
A relatively high-powered beam of light is mixed with the input signal using a wavelength selective coupler. The input signal and the excitation light must be at significantly different wavelengths. The mixed light is guided into a section of fibre with erbium ions included in the core. This high-powered light beam excites the erbium ions to their higher-energy state. When the photons belonging to the signal at a different wavelength from the pump light meet the excited erbium atoms, the erbium atoms give up some of their energy to the signal and return to their lower-energy state. A significant point is that the erbium gives up its energy in the form of additional photons which are exactly in the same phase and direction as the signal being amplified. So the signal is amplified along its direction of travel only. This is not unusual – when an atom “lases” it always gives up its energy in the same direction and phase as the incoming light. Thus all of the additional signal power is guided in the same fibre mode as the incoming signal.There is usually an isolator placed at the output to prevent reflections returning from the attached fibre. Such reflections disrupt amplifier operation and in the extreme case can cause the amplifier to become a laser. The erbium doped amplifier is a high gain amplifier.
EDFA may also be used in series to further increase the gain of the signal. Two EDFAs used in series may increase the input signal as much as 34dB.

Figure 2 shows Configuration for Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA)
Semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs)
Semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) use a technique similar to that of EDFAs but without doping the optical fiber. Unlike the EDFA, which is energized with a laser pump, the SOA is energized with electrical current. The SOAs use an optical waveguide and a direct bandgap semiconductor that is basically a Fabry–Pérot laser to inject light energy into the signal, as shown in Figure 2.

Figure 3 shows Semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs)
One problem with SOAs are that the gain is very hard to control. By using the semiconductor technique and a waveguide, the signal may deplete the gain of a signal at another wavelength. This can introduce crosstalk among channels by allowing the signal at one wavelength to modulate another.
Raman Amplification
Raman amplification is a method that uses pump lasers to donate energy to the signal for amplification. However, unlike EDFAs, this technique does not use doped fiber, just a high power pumping laser. The laser is operated at wavelengths 60nm to 100nm below the desired wavelength of the signal. The laser signal energy and the photons of the transmitted signal are coupled, thereby increasing the signal strength.

Figure 4: Raman amplification principle
The principal advantage of Raman amplification is its ability to provide distributed amplification within the transmission fibre, thereby increasing the length of spans between amplifier and regeneration sites.
In summary, each amplification technique has advantages and disadvantages. Remember to keep in mind the amplification that the amplifier is being used in. For example, if a signal needed amplification but noise was an issue, a Raman amplifier would most likely be the best choice. If the signal needed to be amplified by just a small amount, the SOA might be best.
All of these amplification methods have one big advantage: optical amplifiers will amplify all signals on a fiber at the same time. Therefore, it is possible to simultaneously amplify multiple wavelengths. But it is important to keep in mind that the power levels must be monitored carefully because the amplifiers can become saturated, thereby causing incorrect operation.

Fiber Optic Cables Are The First Option For Data Transmission

Fiber Optical Cable has brought a revolution to the data transmission system. As the earlier Electrical Wire System was difficult to manage and was sometimes also hazardous to life. With the emergence of Fiber Optical Cable, data transmission is no more an irksome job. It is now simplified, providing much more convenient than ever imagined.
Following Are The Reasons For Choosing Optical Cables For Network Cabling:
Safe To Use: Fiber Cable is far better than copper cable from the safety point of view. Copper and Aluminum Wire are good conductors of electricity and carry electric current. But when their outer insulated coating gets damaged, one can experience electric shock that can be dangerous to life. In this regard, Fiber Cables are safer to use because they do not transmit current but rather light waves.
Withstand Rough Conditions: Fiber Cable is capable of resisting tough conditions that co-axial or any other such cable cannot do. The reason is that other cables are usually made up of one or the other metal and are prone to corrosion, while Fiber Cable is covered with protective plastic coating with glass inside and transmits light impulses in spite of electric current, which make it resistant towards corrosion.
Long Distance Data Transmission: There cannot be any comparison in terms of data carrying capacity of Fiber Optical Cable and Copper Cable. Fiber Cable can transmit signals 50 times longer than Copper Cable.
Moreover, signal loss rate of Fiber Optical Wire is also very less, and thus does not need any kind of reminder in transmitting the signals at same pace. Fiber Cable has higher bandwidth that is amount of data communication resources available or consumed – this is the reason how Fiber Cable can transmit data at longer distances.
Easy Installation: Ethernet Cable is long and thin with intact cables inside. It is also light in weight which makes its installation at almost every place easier as compared to other wires.
No Electrical Interference: Fiber Optical Cable neither carries electric current nor need earthing. Therefore, it does not get affected by the electrical interferences. Fiber Cable is immune to moisture and lighting, which makes it ideal to be fitted inside the soil or an area where there is high Electromagnetic Interference (EMI).
Durable and Long Lasting: Fiber Optical Cable is durable and lasts longer than any other cable such as Co-Axial Cable, Copper Cable, etc. It is perfect for network cabling.
Data Security: Extra security can be provided with Fiber Optical Cable as it can be tapped easily and data transmitted through it remains secure, while in case of the Copper Cable there is no surety of data security and any loss of data cannot be obtained back.
There are various types of optical fiber cables available on the market, including 250um Bare Fiber, 900um Tight Buffer Fiber, Large Core Glass Fiber, Simplex Fiber Optic Cables, Duplex Multimode Fiber Optic Cable, OM4 OM3 10G Fiber Cable, Indoor Distribution Cable, Indoor & Outdoor Cable, Outdoor Loose Tube Cable, Fiber Breakout Cable, Ribbon Fiber Cable, LSZH Fiber Optic Cable, Armored Fiber Optic Cable, FTTH Fiber Optic Cable, Figure 8 Aerial Cable, Plastic Optical Fiber, Polarization Maintaining Fibers & Special Fiber, etc. They are used for different applications, one must do a thorough research before buying fiber cables for network cabling.

Serveral Common Fiber Optic Devices Wiki

1. Fiber Coupler

Fiber Optic Coupler, also called fiber optic adapter, is used for connecting and coupling of optical fiber connectors. According to the connection header of optical fiber connector to select model. The joint structure can be divided into: FC, SC, ST, LC, MTRJ, MPO, MU, SMA, DDI, DIN4, D4, E2000 forms, with good sintering technology to ensure excellent strength and stability (200 ~ 600gf insertion force).
Applications Of Fiber Optic Coupler
Fiber communication network
Broadband access network
Optical CATV
Optical instruments
LAN
2. Fiber Termination Box

Cable termination box, also known as optical fiber termination box or fiber termination box, is a connection device between several cores cables and termination equipments, mainly used to fix the cable termination, store and protect the remaining fiber optics, the splicing of fiber optic cable and fiber pigtail.
3. Fusion Splicer

Fusion splicer, the connection of two optical fiber cables, should joint the fiber inside the cable, because the fiber is just like glass, must re-fused special joint on the two ends, then the ends melt together, so that the light signal can be passed.
Light transmitting in fiber causes a loss, this loss is mainly composed of transmission loss of optical fiber itself and the splicing loss at optical fiber joints. Upon the order of optical cable, its own fiber optic transmission loss is also basically identified. The fiber joints splicing loss is determined by fiber optic itself and on-site construction. Efforts to reduce the optical fiber joints splice loss, can increase the transmission distance of optical fiber amplifier and improve the attenuation margin of fiber link.
4. Fiber Media Converter
Fiber optic media converter, is an Ethernet transmission media conversion unit to interchange the twisted-pair electrical signal of short distance and light signal of long distance.
Fiber converters are generally used in actual network environment where Ethernet cable can not cover and must use fiber optic to extend the transmission distance, the access layer application and usually located in metropolitan area networks; while it also plays a huge role in helping the fiber at the last kilometer connecting to the metro network and more outer layer network.
5. Fiber Optic Multiplexer
Fiber Optic Multiplexer is a fiber communication equipment to extend data transmission, it is mainly through the signal modulation, photoelectric conversion technology, using the optical transmission characteristics to achieve the purpose of remote transmission. Optical multiplexer generally used in pairs, divided into optical transmitter and optical receiver, optical transmitter completes the electrical/light switching, and optical signal is sent for optical fiber transmission; optical receiver mainly converts the light signals from the fiber receiver back into electrical signals, completing the light/electricity conversion. Optical multiplexer is used for remote data transmission.
Optical multiplexers are divided into many types, such as telephone optical multiplexer, Video Multiplexer, Video Audio Multiplexer, Video Data Multiplexer, video Audio Data Multiplexer and so on. And commonly used is Video Multiplexer (especially widely used in security industry).
Optical multiplexer is the terminal equipment of light signal transmission. Its principle is: a photoelectric conversion transmission equipment; put at both ends of the optical cable; one transmitter and receiver, just as its name implies multiplexer. So optical transmitter and receiver are used in pairs, usually buy optical multiplexer is said to buy a few pairs, instead of several.

To Introduce Optical Communication and Internet Technology

Technology of terabit optic circuit packet integrated switching system

New exchange system and integrated optic circuit packet layers will be provided to meet the large capacity, high quality, low cost and effective demand so as to adapt to the cable wireless traffic spikes in the service in the future.

A connection-oriented packet transport technology is considered to be an effective way to improve the performance of packet data transmission. It is necessary, can put a layer of transport network in the direction of capital spending and minimizing operating costs to overcome the network provider's storage and traffic increase of income. And unified control mechanism is applied to the network resource allocation, flexible wavelength circuit and packet layer according to the service characteristics. The key technologies of the system are as followings.

• Technology of Terabit Optic-Circuit-Packet Integrated Switching System

  * Connection-oriented Packet Transport

  * Optic-Circuit-Packet Integrated Switch

  * Optic-Circuit-Packet Layer Integrated Control/Management

• Technology of beyond-100G Optical Transmission

  * Long-reach OTN Transceiver

  * Short-reach Ethernet Transceiver

Technology of terabit optic circuit packet integrated switching system

Smart IDC Network Control Technology for Cloud Service

Along with the rapid spreads and changes of cloud services and the technologic growth of the components in the IDC, the IDC networks are demanding following changes.

Cloud optimized: The virtualization rate of the server is rising up to 10:1-100:1 and storage virtualization is also possible recently. So IDC is requiring the cloud-optimized virtualization to the network side which are connecting the virtualized cloud resources.

Flattened: There are network control needs to reduce the delay latency of virtualized server-to-server communications which is occuping up to 70%, to rise the utilization rate the link resources of L2 IDC networks of Tree-shape multi-layer hierarchical architecture with STP.

Auto-Managed: There are demands of integrated management of network and cloud resources between IDC and create/delete/VM migration to ensure seamless services in the cloud.

Therefore, our research target to develop the Smart IDC fiber optic solution to solve the current problems of IDC network with the 3 IDC network control technologies of the Cloud-Optimized Virtual Network Control technology, the Flattened IDC Network Control Technology and Auto-managed IDC network control technology.

High speed optical transmission technology

The rapid progress in optical transmission technology has been supporting the ever increasing transmission traffic. In particular, the WDM technology, it is by the end of last century, played a main role. However, the new technology needs to use data traffic exponentially. A solution is 100Gb/s transmission. IEEE announced 40G/100G Ethernet standard and ITU-T has completed ONT standard to accommodate 100G signals in DWDM backbone network. Recently, the 100Gb/s transmission technology has become the commercial deployment, in addition to the existing 10Gb/s and 40Gb/s. Already technologies beyond 100G or 400G are started being discussed. With a long-term perspective, it is a disruptive

technology, SDM (space division multiplexing) technology is seriously explored to harness the traffic in economic and energy efficient way.

Next Generation WDM-PON Technology

The WDM-PON is promising technology to provide broadband access offering optic-wireless converged next generation multi-application service with the highest quality.

There are many advantages of the WDM-PON:

* Using multiple wavelength on a single fiber, each of which carries a transmission bandwidth up to 10Gb/s at maximum; Therefore, the WDM-PON can reduce the optical access infrastructure;

* Suitable for long-reach application and possible to achieve OPEX reduction;

* Provide co-existence with legacy TDM-PON (EPON system, and GPON) systems and pay as you grow upgradability;

* Unique advantages of so-called protocol transparency, which means that it requires no specific transmission protocol, and the physical layer security, in addition to scalability in the increase of the bandwidth and guarantee of the quality of service based on bandwidth abundance.

Video Multiplexer Using High Speed Amplifier

In the past few years, the number of video sources connected to a single display has increased steadily, make the video signal switching must in most video system. In a typicaly home entertainment systems, for example, a set-top box (STB) or digital video recorder (DVR) cable or statellite TV, VCR, DVD players, a video game console, and a PC all feed a single display. The ability to switch multiple video sources to a single display extends to cars as well, where video sources include the vehicle entertainment system, rearview camera, DVD player, navigation system, and auxiliary video input.

Traditional CMOS multiplexers and switches suffer several disadvantages at video frequencies, where their on resistance introduces distortion, degrades differential gain and phase performance, and interacts with the terminal resistor to the attenuation of the incoming video signal and affect intensity. System designers to solve this problem by adding external buffer added gain, increasing the drive capability.

Video multiplexing can be simplified by using high speed video amplifiers with a disable mode. When the optical amplifier is disabled, its output stage into a high impedance state. This is different from their low power consumption mode, greatly reduces the power consumption, but leave the state of the output stage is undefined.

High-speed video amplifiers have all the key features required to make them ideal for this function. Their high input impedance does not affect the characteristic impedance of the transmission line, thus allowing back termination. Because they are video amplifiers, they have inherently good video specifications, including differential gain and phase, slew rate, bandwidth and 0.1-dB flatness.

In a mux configuration, the disabled channels present a high-impedance load to the single active channel. The gain setting and feedback resistors load the active amplifier, but their values are large compared to the 150-ohm video load, so their effect is negligible.

3:1 Video Multiplexer

Video multiplexer is used to encodes the multi channel video signals and convert them to optical signals to transmit on optical fibers. The ADA4853-3 has independent disable controls, making it suitable for use as a low-cost 3:1 buffered -output video mux. Its output impedance is greater than 2-kohms at 10 MHz, so the amplifier outputs can be connected to form a 3:1 mux with excellent switching behavior and great isolation characteristics. Operating on a single 5-V supply, the configuration shown in Figure 1 provides 14-MHz bandwidth (0.1-dB), gain of +2, and 58-dB off-channel isolation at 10 MHz. Its 10-μs channel-to-channel switching time supports CVBS analog video applications.

Figure 1. 3:1 Video Multiplexer

High-Performance 2:1 Video Multiplexer

Figure 2 shows a high-performance 2:1 mux. The two input amplifiers are configured as unity gain followers, while the output amplifier is set for a gain of +2. The ability to shut-down both stages allows this mux to achieve the excellent input-to-output off-isolation shown in Figure 3. Switching time in this configuration is 45 μs.

Conclusion:

High-speed video amplifiers with a single disabled needle is very suitable for simple structure, low cost video multiplexers and switches for compound and high resolution video. They are the ideal replace CMOS switch, it is more cost effective than video multiplexer. Be sure to consider using high-speed video amplifiers if your system requires video switching function.

FiberStore Unveiled the New 40 Channel DWDM EDFA Optical Amplifier

FiberStore News
FiberStore has pushed out the new Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier C-band DWDM EDFA for high power, high gain and low noise amplification for 40-80 channels at wavelengths of the C band.
The new device features excellent gain flatness, low noise figure and wide operating wavelength rage and an intelligent network management system.
This 40 channel DWDM EDFA is spectrum flat EDFA for DWDM system. The stability Pump laser with unique ATC (automatic temperature control) and APC (automatic power control) circuit employed is the key component to ensure the high stability and reliability of output power. The professional design GFF (gain flatting filter) with excellent optical patch design make the flatness and noise reach the best optimization.
"This stand-alone unit is redundancy hot swap power module which can mix plug in 110/220VAC and 48VDC bias (package E) and has dedicated digital and analog circuitry for precise control of the EDFA along with alarms and monitors," said Samuel Hu, product manager of FiberStore.
"This device has employed the intelligent temperature control system, the fan is on when the module temperature over 45℃, meanwhile it will stop as the temperature is under 40℃, which makes sure the thermal stability and fan's long lift-time, besides, the professional air flow design can also ensure the best temperature stability."
The operating parameters can be controlled through the Ethernet, RS485 and RS232 serial port and comes with user-friendly software. OEM package can comply with Telecordia GR-1312-CORE. DWDM EDFA 40 channel BA model amplifier is ideal for applications in Booster, DWDM optical system or pre-amplifier online amplifier.

Transmission Media Used To Implement An Ethernet LAN

Early implementations of Ethernet LANs employed thick coaxial cable. In fact, it was a thick yellow coaxial cable - original recipe Ethernet cable. The cable was defined by the 10Base-5 standard. This implementation was called Thicknet. It could deliver a BER of 10-8. It supported a data rate of 10 MBPS. The maximum LAN cable segment length was 500 meters. The segment length is the maximum distance between data terminal equipment. These are attractive features.
The unfortunately, the thick coaxial cable is difficult to work with. As a result, the second wave of the implementation of the Ethernet LAN using thin coaxial cable. The cable was RG58 A/U coaxial cable - sometimes called Cheapernet. This cable is made from 10Base-2 standard. The implementation was called Thinnet. It supported a data rate of 10 MBPS. But, it had a BER somewhat degraded relative to Thicknet. The LAN cable segment length was reduced to the order of 185 meters.
Thinnet ultimately gave way to the replacement of coaxial cable with Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) cable. This is done through an interesting Ethernet LAN architecture combined with another local area network (LAN) flavor called StarLAN, the AT & T.
StarLAN was based on a telecommunications, telephone company, usually do for the enterprise to provide voice communications. The Transmission Medium a Telecom used in a facility for voice communications are shielded twisted pair (STP) cable. It provides voice communication within a facility and the external world connect all telephone, mobile phone, closet, or by telephone wiring closet. The distance from handset to telephone closet is relatively limited, maybe 250 meters. The StarLAN idea is the basic method of voice and use it to a local area network (LAN). The LAN stations would be connected through a closet. The existing UTP cable present in a facility for voice would be used for the LAN data traffic. There would be no need to install a new and separate Transmissioin Medium. Installation costs would be contained. Unfortunately, StarLAN only supported 1 MBPS. It has never left the ground.
However, in 1990 aspects of StarLAN were taken and merged with the Ethernet LAN architecture. This leads to a new Ethernet LAN based on UTP and 10Based-T standard definition. Based on this method, Ethernet UTP really start the market place.
Ethernet under the 10Base-T standard has a hub and spoke architecture. This is illustrated in Figure 1. The various data equipment units, radio, are connected to a central point called multi-point repeater or Hub. The connections are by UTP cable. This architecture does support the Broadcast Channel - Ethernet Bus. This is because all of the data equipment unit can be broadcast to all the other data units through the Hub. Likewise, all data equipment units can listen to the transmissions from all other data equipment units as they are received via the UTP cable connection to the Hub. The Hub takes the place of the telephone closet. The Hub may be strictly passive or it may perform signal restoration functions.

Figure 1: 10Base-T hub-and-spoke architecture
The illustration Figure 2 indicates how the 10Base-T topology may actually look in an office set-up at some facility. The data units are computer equipment here. One serves as the file server. The illustration shows what is usually referred to as a 10Base-T Work Group. It may serve one specific department in a company. By connecting together these work groups Ethernet LANs may be extended. This can be achieved by using local area network (LAN) connection Hub network elements called bridges, routers and switches. Description of their operations is beyond the focus of the present discussion.

Figure 2: Ethernet operating as a 10Base-T work group
But, let us get back to 10Base-T. It supports a data rate of 10 MBPS. It has a BER comparable to Thinnet. However, the LAN segment length is reduced even further. With 10Base-T LAN segment length is only 100m - a short distance, but distance, it is permissible to many data equipment standing in a typical business. However, it may be too short to others. This is a place, fiber optic cable can come to the rescue.
For the LAN market place 10Base-T was far from the last word. It led to the development of 100Base-T - Fast Ethernet. It is also based on using UTP cable for transmission medium. However, it supports a data rate of 100 MBPS over cable segments of 100 meters.Fast Ethernet, itself, is not the end of the road. Suppliers are starting to promote Giga Bit Ethernet which is capable of supporting 1 GBPS. However, we will stop at Fast Ethernet and the problem that both it and 10Base-T have the short cable segment of 100 meters.
It will be worth define two terms before continuing in discussing the characteristics of the Ethernet. These are 1) the network diameter, and 2) slot time.
The Network Diameter is simply the maximum end-to-end distance between data equipment users, stations, in an ethernet network. It is really what has been referred to above as the cable segment. The Network Diameter is the same for both 10Base-T and 100Base-T, 100 meters.
After a BIU has begun the transmission of a packet the Slot Time is the time interval that a BIU listens for the presence of a collision with an interfering packet. The Slot Time cannot be infinite. It is set for both the 10Base-T and 100Base-T Ethernet architectures. It is defined for both standards as the time duration of 512 bits. With a 10Base-T Ethernet network operating at 10 MBPS the Slot Time translates to 51.2msec. With a 100Base-T Ethernet network operating at 100 MBPS the Slot Time translates to 5.12msec.

How to Create and Edit a Ribbon Cable

Create and edit a Ribbon Fiber Optic Cable between two connectors.
1. On the assemble tab, click the place component. Place one instance of ribbon cable connector. The connector has already been authored, so it is an effective choice for a ribbon cable.
2. Use with traints of mating cable connector socket connection. To ensure that the final position of the ribbon cable connector as shown.

3. Activate the ribbon cable in the browser.
4. On the Cable and Harness tab, click Create Ribbon Cable.
5. Ensure that the name set to 28AWG_10con dialog.
6. Select the start connector as shown. Ensure that start pin is set to 1.

7. Select the end connector. Ensure that Start Pin is set to 1

8. Click OK. The system draws a spline between the two connectors and shows a preview of the ribbon cable. You remain in spline creation mode.

Note:
* If the location and orientation of the connectors prevents the ribbon cable from joining the connectors, the ribbon cable outline does not preview.
* To control how the ribbon cable is rendered, click Cable and Harness tab - Visibility panel - Rendered Display or Centerline Display . This example uses Rendered Display.
9. Add a point to the spline that is used to specify a fold location. Select the housing face, near the start fiber connector, to locate the first point.

10. Add a point to the spline that is used as a control point to edit the cable twist. Select the housing face, near the end connector, to locate the second point.

11. Right-click, and select finish.

12. Right-click the first spline point you created, and select Create Fold.

An indicator attached to the point provides feedback about the orientation of the fold. Refer to this indicator to align the fold relative to model geometry.
13. In the Create Fold dialog box, select shaft.
This control specifies the orientation of the shaft portion of the indicator. Select a straight edge or a flat face on the connector. If you select an edge, the shaft aligns parallel to the edge. If you select a flat face, the shaft aligns normal to the face.

14. Select the arrowhead button.
This control specifies the orientation of the arrowhead portion of the indicator. Select an edge or a face. Verify that the indicator matches the following image.

15. Ensure that single fold is selected.
16. Click ok. A single fold added to the ribbon cable creates a right-angle direction change.

Note: Two points are added automatically to the spline to define the fold geometry fully. The added points are not editable. Their positions are determined automatically as a by-product of the size of the ribbon cable and orientation of the fold.
17. According to the positioin of the first article sample point, fold sometimes sell not aligned horizontal center. In the case, the first spline point is displaced to one side of the row. If the lateral offset of the fold is not acceptable, align the spline point to the center of the pin row.
18. Right-click the fold point and select 3D Move/Rotate.

19. In the 3D Move/Rotate dialog box, click Redefine alignment or position.
20. Select the triad sphere, and then select the work point on the connector. The triad relocates to the work point.

21. Select the green arrowhead, and drag the triad approximately 0.9 in along the Y axis. Alternatively, you can click the green arrowhead, and enter 0.9 in the Y control of the 3D Move/Rotate dialog box.

22. Select the blue arrowhead, and drag the triad approximately -0.3 in (negative 0.3 in) from its current location.

23. Click Apply. The ribbon cable fold adjusts and the 3D Move/Rotate dialog box remains open. If you click OK, the fold adjusts and the dialog box closes.
After you click Apply or OK, use Undo to cancel the 3D Move/Rotate result.

24. In this example, the ribbon cable interferes with the housing around the second intermediate spline point. Use 3D Move/Rotate to move the point so that the ribbon cable clears the housing.

25. You can edit the twist of any intermediate spline point, unless a fold consumes the point. Right-click the spline point, and select Edit Twist. Drag the twist arrows.
To specify a precise angle instead, right-click the twist arrows and select Enter Angle . In this example, the twist control is rotated ten degrees.

Note: Use the Plus and Minus keys (+ and -) to adjust the size of the twist control.26. Right-click, and select Apply.

EPON Based On Ethernet Access Technology

EPON is based on long-distance optical fiber transmission network Ethernet access technology. EPON uses multipoint architecture, an optical fiber carrying data signals down the line, after 1: N optical splitter signal into N Road, branch coverage of light multiple access point or access users.
EPON network structure
EPON and GEPON term in tradition, there is not a state error. Early EPON equipment industry is based FE bus, bus-based EPON equipment GE launched, in order to distinguish called GEPON, EPON equipment industry at present is essentially based on GE bus. At present basically referred to EPON.
A typical system consists of EPON system is composed of OLT, ONU and ODN. EPON network structure shown in Figure 1.

OLT in the center machine room, it can be seen as a L2 switch or L3 routing switch. In the downstream direction, OLT to provide for passive optical network (ODN) optical interface; In the upstream direction, OLT will provide GE optical or electrical interface, the future of 10Gbit/s Ethernet technology standards after setting, OLT will also support a similar high-speed interface. In order to provide multi-service access, OLT also supports E1 and OC3 interfaces, to achieve the traditional voice access or circuit relay service.
In terms of EPON network management, OLT is the main control center, the built-in OAMP Agent, can manage the ONU in its terminal equipment, to achieve the five functions of network management. EPON network management can be defined on the OLT through the user bandwidth parameter to control the quality of user services by writing an access control list to implement network security control, by reading the MIB to obtain system status and user status informatioin, but also provide a valid user isolation.
ODN is the optical distribution network, composed of passive optical splitter and fiber composition. The passive optical splitter is connected to the OLT and the ONU passive device, its function is to distribute the downlink data and uplink data centralized. The deployment of passive optical splitter is quite flexible, because it is a pssive device, be adapted to almost all environments. Generally passive optical splitter ratio has 1:2,1:4,1:8,1:16,1:32,1:64 so on. General recommended a splitting, splitting up not more than two.
ONU is placed on the customer premises side of the terminal device, EPON ONU in the Ethernet protocol, the realization of the second layer of low-cost Ethernet switching. The use of the Ethernet protocol, the process of the communication protocol conversion is no longer necessary to achieve the ONU transparent transmission of user data. Between the OLT to the ONU using encryption protocol to ensure the security of user data.
Based on EPON FTTH's advantage lie in its strong converage, as far as covering up to 20 km (1:32 split ratio), starting from the end office, after OND connecting the optical access point.
Traditional optical access network, optical fiber extends the range to the network access point cutoff general, to achieve fiber to the home, you need to configure a large number of the access point port access layer switch expensive. With the passive optical network technologies emerge and mature, especially now that the EPON technology that can provide fiber tip directly to the user's economically viable solution, FTTH become efficient access. In FTTx solution based on EPON, the introduction of how to solve the optical cable to the building, community, planning OLT, ODN, indoor user terminal (OUN) optical fiber connection becomes key.
EPON uplink and downlink technology
Between the OLT and ONU EPON using a single optical fiber to provide symmetric 1.25Gbps bandwidth limitations by physical interface, the actual provision of 1Gbps bandwidth to transmit data, voice and video services. EPON in a singel fiber using WDM technology, the upper and lower rows of data streams are transmitted in different frequency bands. Among them, the downstream 1490nm, upstream 1310nm, 1550nm optional for CATV.
Downlink data stream using broadcast, OLT will be 802.3 Ethernet frame format data flow through unicast replication pushed all the way at the ONU; ONU Ethernet frame header by determining where the OLT assigned LLID (Logical Link ID ) to determine whether the received data frame received their own, their data will not discard the frame. Shown in Figure 2.

Upstream data stream using time division multiple access (TDMA) technology, the uplink time into a number of time slices, according to the allocated bandwidth and service ONU priority to the ONU upstream data streams are allocated different time slots, each time point the optical fiber transmission is only one ONU upstream data streams. Negotiated between the OLT and ONU, ONU upstream avoid conflicts between, will not cause data loss. Shown in Figure 3.

EPON and ADSL comparison
ADSL After several years of vigorous development, has become China's most popular fixed-line operators in broadband access means. ADSL using traditional copper broadband data transmission resources, make full use of the fixed-line operator's copper resources, China Telecom and China Netcom such operators, the early development of broadband access is one of the best choices.
ADSL/ADSL2 + Business is an asymmetrical transmission of broadband access technologies, the uplink bandwidth is limited, less than 1M, downstream bandwidth up to 26Mbps, the actual business of covering no more than 3km distance, generally offer 512Kbps to 2Mbps downstream bandwidth, the main application the public Internet.
However, with a variety of new businesses, especially the rise of video services, the user's bandwidth requirements are increasing. With the long, online games, instant messaging, broadband telephony, video telephony, personal photo album sharing applications such as the rapid growth of users of the upstream bandwidth demand is also growing.
China Telecom and China Netcom broadband network in the planning of their future bi-directional bandwidth of individual users will reach 10M-20M. ADSL bandwidth strictly limited by the transmissioin distance, the higher the bandwidth achieved only over short distances, even after the "Light of Copper" reform, reducing the coverage of ADSL, which is only in a certain period of time, to a certain extent bandwidth requirements.
Based on fiber access networks, the bandwidth is theoretically unlimited extension. So with the EPON technology matures, its high bandwidth, long distance coverage, making EPON technology replacing ADSL technology will become the inevitable choice.
Relative ADSL, EPON at relatively high initial construction expenditures, including pre-laying equipment costs and fiber costs. However, due to network using passive optical network technology, fiber-based PON technology in the operation and maintenance of the costs to be much lower than ADSL and copper wire.
By the late operation and maintenance cost is reduced, provide higher bandwidth and more long-distance business coverage, and the resulting ability to provide more new business, bring more revenue, can be relatively offset on the cost of equipment and wiring. The fiber cost is already very low, FTTx has entered a golden period of development, the cost of equipment will also continue to reduce in the building. Thus, through the deployment of EPON carriers can be enhanced, including broadband access, including a comprehensive business competitiveness, thereby stabilizing the user resources, and even brought the loss of the user's back, it will be for operators to bring more revenue, enabling operators to long-term benefit.
EPON technical advantages
With EPON technology matures, the industry mainstream operators have started large-scale deployment of EPON system, expand FTTx applications, and on this basis to achieve Triple Play (triple play, to deliver voice, data and video services), build triple play access platform.
Since 2004, the most developed in FTTH in Japan, Korea, Taiwan and the United States, Europe and other countries and regions, EPON technology has been large-scale applications, and further stimulate the IPTV business prosperity. In the Chinese market, the current EPON products have been held in all provinces of the pilot and commerical.
EPON technology uses wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) technology in a single fiber to achieve symmetrical 1Gbps bandwidth and client segments and can be implemented in close spectroscopic down, save a lot of backbone fiber resources. Currently the maximum achievable split ratio is 1:64. EPON system is another advantage lie in its strong coverage in the 1:32 split ratio furthest covering up 20km, at 1:64 next, as far as coverage bandwidth of each ONU user up to 30M or more, so that the video business has been enough bandwidth guarantees.
The use of passive optical splitter, save a lot of maintenance resources, saving room, power matching and other resources, reducing the overall cost of FTTx network construction and maintenance costs. In recent years, the cost of fiber optic drop cable for the FTTx provide supporting cost reduction.
At present the operators to provide broadband access services are mainly two kinds of ADSL and LAN access, in addition, with the increasing demand for bandwidth, VDSL is becoming an option. Other access methods, such as Cable Modem, power line access, etc. As the market share of small and are subject to industry resource constraints.

Low-cost Light Source for Fiber Optic Communication Systems

Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) is a technique used to increase the rate at which data is transmitted in optical fiber systems. It is often used in fiber optic products systems.
In WDM system, a few wavelengths (channels) light propagation along the fiber at the same time. Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) system can be divided into different wavelengths patterns: in dense WDM (DWDM) patterns the wavelengths are closely spaced (0.8nm apart) and require careful control to avoid overlap of neighboring channels (i.e, crosstalk).
The other patterns, coarse WDM (CWDM), use increase the wavelength spacing, so need less strict control output wavelength of the laser source.
The dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) pattern is costly, can be amplified to higher data rate transmission for many channels are included. For these reasons, DWDM systems is used for long distance communication. CWDM is cheap because the channel spacing is widely and generally used channels can not enlarged. Results coarse wavelength division multiplexing is used for short metropolitan network. Importantly, the sources for CWDM systems are generally cheaper as well.
The source for CWDM systems should be able to generate data streams at up to eight switchable wavelengths, with a wavelength spacing of 20nm between each channel, from a single output that is
coupled into a fiber. The current solutions are based on using separate diode lasers routed to a single output using bulk optics. This setting requires careful alignment of several optical elements mounted into a mechanically and thermally stable package, which can be very expensive. A cheaper solution is to put the laser and the switching elements integrated on a chip and a single output waveguide. The challenge with this method is to develop devices on a single sample of semiconductor that operates at different wavelengths and to combine their output on the chip. Here, we describle a chip semiconductor laser materials, produce data signals at four wavelengths from a single output.

Figure 1. Chip with integrated devices. From the left are the four distributed feedback (DFB) laser diodes (LD) at different wavelengths (CH1–4), passive waveguides, a multimode interference (MMI) coupler, semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA), and the electro-absorption modulator (EAM).
The semiconductor lasers used in communications are made from III-V semiconductors with quantum well gain regions. Quantum wells are ultrathin layers of semiconductor that exhibit quantum effects, sandwiched between wider bandgap barriers. The bandgap of the wells can be increased by diffusing atoms between the wells and barriers, changing the composition of the wells. This process is known as quantum well intermixing (QWI). We have developed a technique where we can cause QWI when the sample is annealed in locations we choose in the sample. Our growth process afterour engineer quantum well space in a selective way through sputtering silica to point defects on semiconductor when annealed samples composition. During annealing, group III elements at the surface of the semiconductor move into the silica, creating point defects (group III vacancies) in the semiconductor. Once the formation of the pointed defect spread to semiconductors and caused by quantum well mixed. In essentially, we can implement different properties in different parts of the chip without corrosion and regeneration of the chip. This flexibility allows us to change the band in selected areas and areas on the chip, can be used as a passive waveguide loss lower laser output signal routing.

Figure 2. The spectrum of all four lasers operating simultaneously.
The first step in the field of making chip is perform QWI passive waveleguides are formed in a sample cut from a semiconductor laser chip. After the QWI of the passive areas of the device, four DFB lasers, passive waveguides, a multimode interference coupler, a semiconductor optical amplifier, and an electro-absorption modulator for the output were formed on the chip. All of these devices is defined in a single electron-beam-lithography steps, and then reactive ion etching grating formed by laser and the ridge waveguide structure of other equipment. Use of distributed feedback laser grating cycle we need to provide feedback for each laser is to increase 2nm increment, each laser emit different wavelengths.
The lasing wavelengths of the four lasers were approximately 1529.8, 1542.8, 1554.4, and 1566.2nm each. The wavelength spacing, which is determined by design of the gratings, was 12nm. Our
measurements show that the gain curve is very broad, and more traditional spacing (CWDM. Namely 20nm) can be easily satisfied, make the equipment conform to international standards. Side mode suppression ratio for each channel is ∼43dB. Different SOA currents were found to have a little performance impact of the laser, so the SOA can be used to further improve the output power. A direct current extinction ratio of >12:5dB (with a reverse voltage applied on the EAM, VEAM=−4V) was achieved for all four laser channels, which is acceptable, but further work on the device is needed. In fact, we assume our next generation equipment will have a modulator output each laser in the laser light into a waveguide.
The beam divergences were narrow and almost symmetric, and measured to be 21:2 x 25:1°(full width at half-maximum). We achieved the vertical divergence using a wafer design that produced a wide optical field in the vertical direction within the structure. A butt coupling efficiency reached ∼20% using single mode fiber, it's double use ordinary laser epitaxial layer structure. The −1dB alignment tolerances in the horizontal, vertical, and optical axis have also been significantly relaxed. The relaxed tolerances on the alignment would make the packaging of the device easier and therefore cheaper.
In summary, there is a need for low-cost, robust sources for CWDM systems that are capable of emitting data streams at up to eight different wavelengths from a single output. We have demonstrated a chip with an output waveguide, a four wavelength switchable output. Our epitaxial layer design to improve the coupling efficiency of the output of the light into a single mode optical fiber.

How To Use Magnifier Inspect Fiber Optic Connector

We can use magnifier to check the fiber optic connector pin end, which quickly determined that the connector insertion loss is high or low, the need for re-grinding. With this method, you only need a few seconds, you can initially conclude that the connector meets the quality requirements. Than the use of instruments that measure the specific optical connector insertion loss value, and then determine wheter the quality meets the requirements, greatly reducing the time and improve efficiency.
Testing Equipment
Using fiber magnifier to check fiber optic connector pins end, we need at least the following equipment:
1. 200 times or 400 times of fiber optic magnifier(according to the type of fiber connector to check the selection of suitable fiber adaptor);
2. Pure alcohole and lens paper (hairless soft paper);
3. Light source (we used here instead of incandescent bulbs);
Testing Steps
Check the following steps:
1. Remove the dust cap at the end of the connector to check;
2. Insert the connector in the magnifying glass of the adapter;
3. If you can not see the field of vision magnifier pin end, then adjust the position of magnifier adjustment knob until the pin end graphics all entered the field of vision;
4. Adjust the focal length of the magnifying glass to the right position, making the pin end graphics to clear;
5. Check the pin end, works well for grinding connector. Its face should be round, very smooth, the end of the fiber core is flush with the pin, and showed concentric ring shape; If there is dust (or defects), use lens paper (hairless soft paper) stick of pure alcohol wipe until the surface no dust (or you can see the clear flaws);
6. The other end of the connector to remove the dust cap, and make the end of the pins on the incandescent bulbs, we just checked in the connector end can see the light, otherwise the connector where a fiber optic cable has broken;
7. Repeat the above steps, check again, you will see a very bright core pin end view may find minor flaws;
8. Exchange ends of the connector, repeat the above steps to check the other end;
9. Mark the connector end of the existing problems with the tag, using appropriate methods, or grinding or re-assembled connector, and then repeat the steps above to be checked.
Analysis of test results
The use of a magnifier fiber optic connector for the inspection, we can see that a very good grinding effect fiber connector pin end face should have graphical features, it can have a variety of different types of defects that the end face of the connector graphical features. According to what we see different kinds of graphics, combined with our analysis, we can take the appropriate measures for improvement, in order to ensure the quality of the connector.
Recommended to use at least 200 times (preferably 400 times) of the optical magnifier to be checked. In order to check the accuracy, certainly with and without the use of incandescent bulbs in both cases with a magnifier to check connector end. In both cases the control of the end face of the pattern that can better determine whether defective.
For a good grinding effect connectors, we do not need any additional processing, instrumentatioin can be used directly for subsequent testing. If the connector is more obvious defects (based on experience needed to judge), its loss is likely higher, beyond the acceptable range of technical requipments, we can directly determine the quality problems. But for smaller connectors defective, the loss may be within the required range, then we need to use instrumentation to determine the actual test.
How to determine whether the effect of the connector polishing is “Good”?
If the connector pin end and core are round, smooth, while the fiber core is flush with the pin end, concentricity good, it is “good”, and without blemish.
If one connector looks “bad”, then the center or not circular, or is not smooth, or concentricity deviation is large, or the presence of other defects. For example, if the fiber has partially broken, then its will not be a full circle core.
The most serious situation is that we are under a magnifier to see the clear outline of the core of the phenomenon we call “fragmentation”. More than a brief introduction to how to determine a connector is a “good” or “bad”.

What is Fiber Optic Splicing?

Knowledge of fiber optic splicingmethods is vital to any company or fiber optic technician involved in Telecommunications or LAN and networking projects.
Splicing is the practice of joining two fibers together without using fiber connectors. Two types of fiber splices exist: fusion splicing and mechanical splicing. Splicing may be made during installation or repair.
Splices generally have lower loss and better mechanical integrity than connectors, while connectors make system configuration much more flexible. So typically, splices are used to connect fiber cables in outdoor applications and connectors terminate fiber cables inside buildings.
Fusion splicing is to use high temperature heat generated by electric arc and fuse two glass fibers together (end to end with fiber core aligned precisely). The tips of two fibers are butted together and heated so they melt together. This is normally done with a fusion splicer, which mechanically aligns the two fiber ends, then applies a spark across the fiber tips to fuse them together.
Many telecom and CATV companies invest in fusion splicing for their long haul singlemode networks, but will still use mechanical splicing for shorter, local cable runs. Since analog video signals require minimal reflection for optimal performance, fusion splicing is more suitable for this application. The LAN industry has the choice of either method, as signal loss and reflection are minor concerns for most LAN applications.

The basic fusion splicing apparatus consists of two fixtures on which the fibers are mounted and two electrodes. Figure 1 shows a basic fusion-splicing apparatus. An fiber inspection microscope assists in the placement of the prepared fiber ends into a fusion-splicing apparatus. The fibers are placed into the apparatus, aligned, and then fused together. Initially, fusion splicing used nichrome wire as the heating element to melt or fuse fibers together. New fusion-splicing techniques have replaced the nichrome wire with carbon dioxide (CO2) lasers, electric arcs, or gas flames to heat the fiber ends, causing them to fuse together. The small size of the fusion splice and the development of automated fusion-splicing machines have made electric arc fusion (arc fusion) one of the most popular splicing techniques in commercial applications.

Figure 1- A basic fusion splicing apparatus

Fusion Splicing Method

As mentioned previously, fusion splicing is a junction of two or more optical fibers that have been permanently affixed by welding them together by an electronic arc.
Four basic steps to completing a proper fusion splice:
Step 1: Preparing the fiber - Remove the protective film, jackets, tubes, strength member, and so on. leaving only the bare fiber showing. The main concern here is cleanliness.
Step 2: Cleave the fiber - Using a good fiber cleaver here is essential to a successful fusion splice. The cleaved end must be mirror-smooth and perpendicular to the fiber axis to obtain a proper splice.
Note: The cleaver does not cut the fiber! It merely nicks the fiber and then pulls or flexes it to cause a clean break. The goal is to produce a cleaved end that is as perfectly perpendicular as possible. That is why a good cleaver for fusion splicing can often cost $1,000 to $3,000. These cleavers can consistently produce a cleave angle of 0.5 degree or less.

Step 3: Fuse the fiber - There are two steps within this step, alignment, and heating. Alignment can be manual or automatic depending on what equipment you have. The higher priced you use, the more accurate the alignment becomes. Once properly aligned fusion splicer unit and then use an electrical arc melting fiber, permanent welding the two fiber ends together.

Step 4: Protect the fiber - Protecting the fiber from bending and tensile forces will ensure the splice not break during normal handling. A typical fusion splicing have tensile strength between 0.5 and 0.5 pounds, and won't break during normal processing, but it still needs to protect from excessive bending and drag force. Use heat shrinkable tube, silica gel, and/or mechanical crimping protector will remain joint protection from external elements and breakage.

In general, fusion splicing takes a longer time to complete than mechanical splicing. Also, yields are typically lower making the total time per successful splice much longer for fusion splicing. Both the yield and splice time are determined to a large degree by the expertise of the fusion splice operator. Fusion splice operators must be highly trained to consistently make low-loss reliable fusion splices. For these reasons the fusion splice is not recommended for use in Navy shipboard applications.

What is Network Adapter?

A network adapter interfaces a computer to a network. The term "adapter" was popularized originally by Ethernet add-in cards for PCs. A network interface controller (also known as a network interface card, network adapter, LAN adapter) is a computer hardware component that connects a computer to a computer network.

Modern network adapter hardware exists in serveral forms. Traditional Ethernet adapters for desktop PCs were PCI cards. PCMCIA (also know as "credit card" or "PC card") adapters or similar devices that connected to USB ports were more commonly used in laptop computers. Nowadays, though, both Ethernet and wireless network adapters are simply integrated circuit chips pre-installed inside the computer.
Most Network Interface Cards are designed for a particular type of network, protocol and media, although some can serve multiple networks.
While network interface controller implementation expansion card inserted into the computer bus, the low cost and ubiquity of Ethernet standard means that most new computers with network interface on the motherboard.
It allows users to connect to each other or through the use of cable or wirelessly if the NIC is a wireless NIC (WiFi/WNIC). Each entity in the network, computers, printers, routers, etc., needs and other equipment must have a network card if it is network communication. In the old computers, network card may be an expansion card, usually PCI or serial bus.
High performance card can speed less that $30. NIC functionality is now often integrated into the motherboard chipset or implement with a dedicated Ethernet chip on the motherboard.
A similar situation applies to laptops. At the same time, a PCMCIA network card would be used in a laptop computer for the NIC just as the PCI card was used in desktop computer, but now, the function of the card is usually combined with the motherboard.
Ethernet is the dominant standard for cable connections for wired computer networks. An Ethernet connector looks similar to telephone, only larger. This connector is called RJ45 connector. Ethernet cable are either a shielded or unshielded cable of four twisted pairs of 24 AWG connectors, specified in the impedance of 100 ohms. Maximum cable length for CATX cables is 100 meters.
Early versions of Ethernet cable is CAT3 or CAT4 (CAT is referred to as "category). These versions were not long lived. Cat5 and Cat5e are currently the most commonly used cables, with Cat6 available and the configuration of the near-future. A cat7 cable specification is in development, and should be available in a few years.
Each Ethernet NIC has a unique serial number called "media access code" (MAC address), is used to identify the network adapter, and associated computer on the network. No two NIC will have the same address, because the NIC manufacturers must purchase blocks of addresses from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE).
The NIC card are capable of different speeds. Speeds of up to one gigabit per second (Gbps) are now available. Two NIC can communicate if they differ in speed ratings, but they will communicate at the rate of the slower NIC.
An Ethernet network controller typically has an 8P8C socket where the network cable is connected. Older NICs also supplied BNC, or AUI connections. A few LEDs inform the user of whether the network is active, and whether or not data transmission occurs. Ethernet network controllers typically support 10 Mbit/s Ethernet, 100 Mbit/s Ethernet, and 1000 Mbit/s Ethernet varieties. Such controllers are designated 10/100/1000 - this means they can support a notional maximum transfer rate of 10, 100 or 1000 Megabits per second.
On a very simple network, NIC can be used to link PC. If the computer is directly to one another, the network is a "peer-to-peer" network. If computers are connected directly to one another, a "cross-over" Ethernet cable is needed. This cable is not "straight-through" like standard Ethernet, but crosses the send and receive connectors, so that send line from computer A connects to the receive line of computer B.
For networks of a few computers, a "hub" can be used, with all of the computers connected to the hub. Any message sent from any PC will be seen by all of the computers, but only the computer with the correct MAC address will receive the message. P2P networks are useful for many purposes. File and printer sharing are the most common applications.

Important CCTV Security Tester With CCTV Security Camera Surveillance System

How to Choose a Good CCTV Security Camera Surveillance System ?
Although a CCTV Security Surveillance System is more common in public areas, it can be used in private residences as well. If you are planning to equip your home with this type of security equipment, here are some things you might want to consider.
Prior to making your purchase, familiarise yourself with the number of frames per second (fps) that your digital recorder (DVR) can handle. Usually, a real time second of video consists of thirty frames.
Therefore, if your CCTV camera is capable of handling 30 fps, you can only record one camera in real time. You need to get a set-up that is DVR capable and records at 120 fps. This will ensure that you capture real time images from more than one camera.
Consider the security system’s remote and recovery capability as well as the backup. The last two requirements refer to the surveillance package’s ability to save a desired video period on any type of storage device. On the other hand, remote capability pertains to being able to control the movements of the camera from any location via the Internet.In the end, CCTV surveillance system installed, you must test the system to work. So you need a CCTV security tester to help you. If you don’t use CCTV camera tester, you don’t know if CCTV security system has a problem.
What is CCTV Security Tester ?
CCTV Security Tester is a kind of multi-function test tool for CCTV and home security camera installation professionals. CCTV Camera Tester is developed aiming to CCTV home alarm system installation and maintenance, combining the following function: Optical Fiber Communication test, low power circuit test, video make sure PTZ control, and DC12 1A output for camera test, etc. Helps solving varies problem of home security system. It could be also found in laboratory tests, equipment maintenance, etc. CCTV Tester is actually an ideal multi-function instrument for CCTV Security System, Fiber Optical Communication, CATV along with other optical networking equipment.
CCTV Tester PRO is developed for the installation and maintenance of video monitoring system. It can be used for displaying video, controlling PTZ, generating images, capturing data of RS485 and testing LAN cable etc. Its functions, easy operation, and convenient portability enable it simple for the contractor to install and maintain the video camera, promote working efficiency and cost-down the expenditure of the project.
A Sample About CCTV Security Tester(3.5 inch CCTV Security Tester STest-893)
About the CCTV Security Tester, it has many types of model,inculding the ST3000PRO, STest-890, STest-891,STest-893,Stest-894, STest-895, STest-896 and so on. For example, I will introduct the 3.5 inch CCTV Security Tester STest-893 with PTZ Controller and Power Supply.The CCTV testerPRO STest-893 is developed for the On-Site installation and maintenance of video monitoring system. It can be used for displaying video, testing video level, controlling PTZ, scanning PTZ address, generating images, capturing data of RS485 and testing LAN cable etc. Its functions, easy operation, and portability makes it simple for the CCTV technician to install and maintain CCTV system, improving work efficiency and get the labor cost down.

STest-893 Application

• CCTV system installation and maintenance
• Dome camera and All in one camera testing
• The CCTV transmitting channel testing
• PTZ controller

I can’t detail these at all. If you have any question with other types, you can visit FiberStore.com or continue to focus on our blog.Fiberstore have many types of fiber optic test equipment, if you want to buy some tester, I think we can help you.

ULA Marine Fiber Achieved The Recuction Of 100Gb/s Signal Attenuation

FiberStore news, OFS, innovative fiber optic network products designer, manufacturer and supplier, recently introduced TeraWave ™ ULA marine optical fiber, which is a new single-mode fiber specially designed for 100 Gb/s coherent transmission of the transmission distance up to 12,000km undersea systems. TeraWave ULA fiber allows more wavelengths with higher transmission speed over sea.

TeraWave ULA is a major breakthrough of marine optical fiber technology, a unique combination of the maximum effective area and excellent cabling performance, but also can greatly reduce the signal attenuation of 100Gb/s reliable coherent transoceanic transmission distance. The effective area of the optical fiber greatly (153 square microns) reduce the nonlinear, allowing to send higher signal power to spans, while improving the signal loss (0.176 dB/km under 1550nm).
For short-distance transmission, such fiber can provide even better nonlinear performance, while improving spectral efficiency.

OFS uses proprietary technology for producing TeraWave ULA fiber, provides low water peak (LWP) performance and low polarization mode dispersion (PMD).
This new fiber is designed for the use of advanced modulation formats and coherent detection distance networks optimization,for example, the greatly distance between the coast and the terminal limit overseas network of DWDM transmission. Compared with previous generations of submarine fiber optic, TeraWave ULA optical fiber can reduce the performance limitations caused by fiber nonlinearity, thus providing higher spectral efficiency and lower repeater spacing.

For applications without using a repeater, hanging cable and deepwater intersection, also can make full use of the large effective area advantage of TeraWave SLA ocean optical fiber, the higher power handling capability without additional distortion, means the longer distance can be distributed more high speed channels before amplification.

For all its marine fiber optic communication, OFS can be painted and splicing of TeraWave ULA, in order to meet the critical requirements of fiber optic cables. The fiber is carefully selected to meet the specifications of quantity, color, length and transmission properties of customers. And then assembled into a bundle, and the final measurement on the wire harness, to ensure all of its fibers are up to the performance requirements customer specified.

Modern 110 Connecting Blocks For Data Networking

110 Wiring Blocks are one type of punch blocks used to connect sets of wires in a structured cabling system. The “110″ designation is also used to describe a type of insulation-displacement connector used to terminate twisted pair cables which uses a similar punch-down tool as the older 66 block. People are preffered to 110 blocks rather than 66 blocks in high-speed networks because they introduce less crosstalk and allow much higher density terminations, and meet higher bandwidth specifications. Many 110 blocks are certified for use in Category 5 and Category 6 wiring systems, even Category 6a. The 110 block provides an interconnection between patch panels and work area outlets.
Modern homes usually have phone service entering the house to a single 110 block, when it is distributed by on-premises wiring to outlet boxes throughout the home in series or star topology. At the outlet box, cables are punched down to standard RJ-11 sockets, which fit in special faceplates. The 110 block is often used at both ends of Category 5 cable runs through buildings. In switch rooms, 110 blocks are often built into the back of patch panels to terminate cable runs. At the other end, 110 connections may be used with keystone modules that are attached wall plates. In patch panels, the 110 blocks are built directly onto the back where they are terminated. Category 6 – 110 wiring blocks are designed to support Category 6 cabling applications as specified in TIA/EIA-568-B.2-1 with unique spacing that provides superior NEXT performance.
What is the difference between a “110 block” and a “66 block”?
Both 66 and 110 blocks are insulation displacement connection (IDC) devices, which are key to reliable data connections. 66-clip blocks have been the standard for voice connections for many years. 110 blocks are newer and are preferable for computer work, for one thing, they make it easier to preserve the twist in each pair right up to the point of connection.
1. Although 66-clip blocks historically have been used for data, they are not an acceptable connection for Category 5 or higher cabling. The 110-type connection, on the other hand, offers: higher density (more wiring in a smaller space) and better control (less movement of the wires at the connection). Since more and more homes and businesses call for both voice and data connections, it is easy to see why it makes sense to install 110-type devices in most situations. Most cat 5e wall jack also use type 110 terminals for connecting to the wire.
2. The 110 block is a back-to-back connection whereas the 66 block is a side-by-side connection. The 110 block is a smaller unit featuring a two-piece construction of a wire block and a connecting block. Wires are fed into the block from the front, as opposed to the side entry on the 66 block. This helps to reduce the space requirements of the 110 block and reduce overall cost. The 110 block’s construction also provides a quiet front, meaning there is insulation both above and around the contacts. Since the quiet front is lacking on the 66 blocks, a cover is often recommended.
3. 110 blocks have a far superior labeling system that not only snaps into place but is erasable. This is particularly important for post-installation testing and maintenance procedures.
110 block wiring enable you to quickly organize and interconnect phone lines and communication cable, preserve the twists in each pair right up to the connection point. Plus, most networking cable equipment also use 110 type terminals for cable connections.

Guide To Choose The Best Fiber Optic Cable Suits Your Application

Fiber optic cable is favored for today's high-speed data communications because it eliminates the problems of twisted-pair cable, such as near-end crosstalk (NEXT), electromagnetic interference (EMI), and security breaches. Fibre Optic Cable is the preferred option in the interconnecting links between floors or buildings, is the backbone of any structured cabling solution. While, making the right decisions when it comes to Data Network cabling is difficult as it can make a huge difference in the ability of your network to reliably support current and future requirements. There are many factors to consider and today I will guide you through the many options available and find the best one suits your application.
1. Multimode Fiber Cable Or Single-mode Fiber Cable
There are two basic types of fiber: mulitimode and single-mode. Both types consist of two basic components: the core and the cladding which traps the light in the core.
Multimode fiber cable
Multimode fiber, as the name suggests, permits the signal to travel in multiple modes, or pathways, along the inside of the glass strand or core. It is available with fiber core diameters of 62.5 and a slightly smaller 50 microns. The problem with multimode fiber optics is that long cable runs in multiple paths may lead to signal distortion. This can result in incomplete and unclear data transmission.
Applications covering short distances can use multimode fiber optic network cable. Ideal uses for such kinds of cables are within data center connections. Multimode cables are economical choices for such applications. There are various performance levels within the multimode fiber optic cable such as OM3 cable for distances within 300 m, OM4 cable supports Gigabit Ethernet distances within 550m and 10G applications.
Single-mode fiber cable
Single-mode fiber cables offer a higher transmission rate. These cables contain a tiny core that measures about five to ten microns. These tiny cores have the capacity to eliminate distortion and produce the highest transmission speeds. Single-mode fiber generally has a core that is 8.3 microns in diameter. Singlemode fiber requires laser technology for sending and receiving data. Although a laser is used, light in a single-mode fiber also refracts off the fiber cladding. The presence of high intensity lasers helps transfer data across large distances. Singlemode has the ability to carry a signal for miles.
Single mode is used for long haul or extreme bandwidth applications, gives you a higher transmission rate and up to 50 times more distance than multimode, but it also costs more. The small core and its single lightwave virtually eliminate any distortion that could result from overlapping light pulses, providing the least signal attenuation and highest transmission speeds of any fiber cable type.
The best choice to choose multimode optical cable when the transmission distance is less than 2km. In the other sides, use single-mode optical cable when the transmission is more than 2km. Although the core sizes of multimode and singlemode fiber differ, after the cladding and another layer for durability are applied, both fiber types end up with an outer diameter of about 250 microns. This makes it both more robust and easier to work with.
2. Indoor Cable Or Outdoor Cable
The major difference between indoor and outdoor cables is water blocking. Any conduit is someday likely to get moisture in it. Outdoor cables are designed to protect the fibers from years of exposure to moisture.
Indoor Cables
Indoor cables are what we call "tight-buffered" cables, where the glass fiber has a primary coating and secondary buffer coatings that enlarge each fiber to 900 microns—about 1mm or 1/25-inch—to make the fiber easier to work with. Indoor cables are flexible, and tough, containing multiple Tight Buffered or Unit Cord fibers.
Types Of Indoor cables available

Simplex and Zip Cord: Simplex Fiber Optic Cables are one fiber, tight-buffered (coated with a 900 micron buffer over the primary buffer coating) with Kevlar (aramid fiber) strength members and jacketed for indoor use. The jacket is usually 3mm (1/8 in.) diameter. Zipcord is simply two of these joined with a thin web. It's used mostly for patch cord and backplane applications, but zipcord can also be used for desktop connections. They are commonly used in patch cord and backplane applications. Additionally, they can be utilized for desktop connections. These cables only have one fiber and are generally used indoors.
Distribution cables: They contain several tight-buffered fibers bundled under the same jacket with Kevlar strength members and sometimes fiberglass rod reinforcement to stiffen the cable and prevent kinking. These cables are small in size, and used for short, dry conduit runs, riser and plenum applications. The fibers are double buffered and can be directly terminated, but because their fibers are not individually reinforced, these cables need to be broken out with a "breakout box" or terminated inside a patch panel or junction box. The distribution cable is smaller and used in dry and short conduit runs, plenum and riser applications, is the most popular cable for indoor use.
Breakout cables: They are made of several simplex cables bundled together inside a common jacket for convenience in pulling and ruggedness. This is a strong, rugged design, but is larger and more expensive than the distribution cables. It is suitable for conduit runs, riser and plenum applications, is ideal for industrial applications where ruggedness is important or in a location where only one or two pieces of equipment (such as local hubs) need to be connected.
Outdoor Cables
Optical fiber in outdoor applications requires more protection from water ingress, vermin, and other conditions encountered underground. Outdoor cables also need increased strength for greater pulling distances. Buyers should know the potential hazards that the cables will face, for example, if the cables will be exposed to chemicals or extreme temperatures.
Loose Tube cables: These cables are composed of several fibers together inside a small plastic tube, which are in turn wound around a central strength member and jacketed, providing a small, high fiber count cable. This type of cable is ideal for outside plant trunking applications, as it can be made with loose tubes filled with gel or water absorbent powder to prevent harm to the fibers from water. Since the fibers have only a thin buffer coating, they must be carefully handled and protected to prevent damage. It can be used in conduits, strung overhead or buried directly into the ground.
Ribbon Cable: This cable offers the highest packing density, since all the fibers are laid out in rows, typically of 12 fibers, and laid on top of each other. This way 144 fibers only has a cross section of about 1/4 inch or 6mm! Some cable designs use a "slotted core" with up to 6 of these 144 fiber ribbon assemblies for 864 fibers in one cable! Since it's outside plant cable, it's gel-filled for water blocking.
Armored Cable: Cable installed by direct burial in areas where rodents are a problem usually have metal armored between two jackets to prevent rodent penetration. This means the cable is conductive, so it must be grounded properly. You'd better choose armored fiber cable when use cable directly buried outdoor.
Aerial Cable: They can be lashed to a messenger or another cable (common in CATV) or have metal or aramid strength members to make them self supporting. Aerial cables are for outside installation on poles.
The table below summarizes the choices, applications and advantages of each.

Cable Type	Application	Advantages
Distribution	Premises	Small size for lots of fibers, inexpensive
Breakout	Premises	Rugged, easy to terminate, no hardware needed
Loose Tube	Outside Plant	Rugged, gel or dry water-blocking
Armored	Outside Plant	Prevents rodent damage
Ribbon	Outside Plant	Highest fiber count for small size

All cables share some common characteristics. For example, they all include various plastic coatings to protect the fiber, from the buffer coating on the fiber itself to the outside jacket. All also include some strength members for pulling the cable without harming the fibers. Outdoor fiber optic cable has moisture protection, either a gel filling or a dry powder or tape. Direct-buried cables may have a layer of metal armor to prevent damage from rodents. It is advisable that you should customize your cable to make it suitable to your application when the quantity of fiber optic cables is large and also for the cost-effective reasons.
Knowing basic information about fiber optic cables make choosing the right one for the project a lot easier. It is always beneficial to konw more about fiber optic cables.