The New 40G QSFP+ Transceivers Launched by FiberStore

FiberStore is proud to present the new 40G QSFP+ transceiver which delivers network speeds of up to 40Gbps that will satisfy the appetite of any application that requires increased bandwidth. The new QSFP+ transceivers is available in the format of SR QSFP+, breakout cable and DAC cable. All of these products are fully tested to 100% compatible with Cisco equipment to the highest standard.

QSFP+40G-SR4-FS:

SR QSFP+ modules supports link length of 100m and 150m respectively on laser-optimized OM3 and OM4 multimode fiber cable. It originally enables high-bandwidth 40G optical links over 12-fiber ribbon cables terminated with MPO/MTP multi-fiber connectors. It integrates four data lanes in each direction with each lane to give an aggregated 40 Gbps bandwidth. Each lane supports link length of 100m on OM3 multimode fiber to 150m on OM4 multi-mode fiber. The optical transmitter incorporates a 4-channel 850nm VCSEL laser, a 4-channel input buffer and laser driver, control and bias blocks. The optical receiver incorporates a 4-channel PIN photodiode, a 4-channel TIA array, a 4 channel output buffer, control blocks. Maximum channel insertion loss allowed is respectively 1.9dB over 100m of OM3 cables or 1.5dB over 150m of OM4 cable.

40GBASE-SR4 QSFP+

QSFP+ 40G- LR4-FS:

LR QSFP+ modules supports link lengths of up to 10km over a standard pair of G.652 single-module fibres with duplex LC connectors. The 40 Gigabit Ethernet signal is carried over four wavelengths. The 40G QSFP+ LR4 transceiver converts 4 inputs channel of 10Gb/s electrical data to 4 CWDM optical signals, and multiplexes them into a single channel for 40Gb/s optical transmission.On the receiver side, the transceiver optically de-multiplexes a 40Gb/s input into 4 CWDM channels signals, and converts them to 4 channel output electrical data. The center wavelengths of 4 CWDM channels are 1271, 1291 and 1331nm. It contains a duplex LC connector for the optical interface and a 38-pin connector for the electrical interface.

40GBASE-LR4 QSFP+

QSFP+ to QSFP+ Copper Direct-Attach Cables:

QSFP+ to QSFP+ copper direct-attach 40GBase-CR4 cables is suitable for a very short distance and offers a highly cost-effective way to establish a 40-Gigabit link between QSFP+ ports of Cisco switches within racks and across adjacent racks. FiberStore currently offers cisco passive cables in length of 1, 3, 5 meters, and active cables in length of 5, 7 and 10 meters.

FiberStore QSFP+ Transceiver modules order information:

QSFP+40G-SR4-FS: 40GBase-SR4 QSFP+ transceiver modules for MMF, 4-lanes, 850-nm wavelength, 12-fiber MPO/MTP connector

QSFP+ 40G- LR4-FS: 40GBase-LR4 QSFP+ transceiver module for SMF, 4 CWDM lanes in 1310 nm window Muxed inside module, duplex LC connector, 10 km reach

QSFP-H40G-CU5M- FS: 40Gbase-CR4 QSFP+ direct-attach copper cable, 5 meter passive

QSFP-H40G-CU3M- FS: 40Gbase-CR4 QSFP+ direct-attach copper cable, 3 meter passive

QSFP-H40G-CU1M- FS: 40Gbase-CR4 QSFP+ direct-attach copper cable, 1 meter passive

FiberStore is reliable and trustable supplier of cost-effective 40G QSFP+ transceivers. Our 40G QSFP+ transceivers and 40G QSFP+ Cable are manufactured with high quality components and rigorously tested to ensure the compatibility, reliability and quality. All of our QSFP+ transceiver and cables come with lifetime warranty. If you have any questions about our products, please don't hesitate to contact us at sales@fiberstore.com

Fiber Connector And Adapter Panel For Optical Links Together

Fiber optic connector is used for the connection of optical fibers or fiber optic cables. The Fiber Cable Connectors provide a mechanical connection for the two fiber cables and align both cores precisely.
There have been over 100 connectors developed over the years, but a select few have stood the test of time and beat out their competition. Fiber Optic Connectors according to the different transmission media can be divided into common silicon-based optical fiber single-mode and multimode connectors, as well as other issues such as plastic and as the transmission medium of optical fiber connector; connector structure can be divided into: FC SC, ST, LC, D4, DIN, MU, the MT and so on in various forms, but SC and LC connectors are the most common types of connectors on the market. ST connector is the most popular connector for multimode networks. Different connectors are required for multimode and single-mode fibers.
In addition to connectors that tie two fiber-optic lines together, there are also Fiber Optic Adapter Plates (or fiber adapter plates) that can be used to connect multiple fiber-optic lineself. It enables you to make quick and easy fiber patch panel connections as they can snap into the enclosures easily. In a device such as this, connections can be made between any of the lines plugged into the panel. Though a single adapter panel can usually only hold a dozen or so cables, the panels can also be spliced together, allowing hundreds or thousands of connections to be made.
Specify optical fiber adapter plates for ST-, FC-, SC-, MT-RJ- or LC-type connections. Adapter plates are compatible with all wall and rack mount optical fiber enclosures and available in 6 simplex and duplex, 8 simplex and duplex and 6 quad configurations with fiber counts of up to 24 per adapter plate. They mount easily by means of plunger locks (“pushpins”). ST, FC, SC and LC connec-tor plates can be equipped with 62.5-μm and 50-μm adapters suitable for multimode applications or a sisingle modenly version is available with adapters outfitted with zirconia ceramic sleeves. Our SC and LC 10G multimode laser optimized adapter uses zirconia ceramic sleeves.
Series Features
Available in 6-, 8-, and 12-port fiber configurations,
Panel options available include ST, SC, LC and others,
High density applications can be reached through Dual and Quad LC applications,
Composite, Metal, or Ceramic sleeve options available,
Blank panels are available for use as dust covers,
Plates are available for mounting Bezel style jacks creating a mixed media environment.
In order to customize wall mount or rack mount fiber optic enclosures, FiberStore offers a wide selection of panels with various Fiber Adapters including ST, SC, MTRJ and LC. All modular adapter panels are assembled with industry standard adapters. FiberStore fiber adapter panels/plates can come with various fiber adapters, such as LC/SC/ST/FC/MT-RJ, E-2000 fiber optic adapters, compatible with simplex or duplex and meet TIA/EIA-568-B.3 requirements. Our adapter plates include phosphor bronze or zirconia ceramic split sleeves to fit specific network requirements. LC and SC adapter housing colors follow the TIA/EIA-568-C.3 suggested color identification scheme. Multimedia modular panels allow customization of installation for applications requiring integration of fiber optic and copper cables. Blank fiber adapter panels reserve fiber adapter panel space for future use.

How To Install Twisted Pair Cable Connectors

Currently, twisted-pair Network Cabling is most ubiquitous, particularly UTP cabling, for For LAN and telephone installations. The main method to put connectors on twisted-pair cables is crimping. You use a tool called a crimper to push the metal contacts inside the connector onto the individual conductors in the cable, thus making the connection.

Firstly, we should know the types of twisted-pair cable connectors

Two main types of connectors/plugs are used for connectorizing twisted-pair cable in voice and data communications installations: the RJ-11 and RJ-45 connectors. Figure1 shows examples of RJ-11 and RJ-45 connectors for Twisted Pair Cable. Notice that these connectors are basically the same, except the RJ-45 accommodates more conductors and thus is slightly larger. Also note that the RJ-11 type connector shown in Figure1, while having six positions, is only configured with two metal contacts instead of six. This is a common cost-saving practice on RJ-11 type plugs when only two conductor contacts will be needed for a telephone application. Conversely, you rarely see an RJ-45 connector with less than all eight of its positions configured with contacts.

Figure1

RJ-11 connectors, because of their small form factor and simplicity, were historically used in both business and residential telephone applications, and they remain in widespread use in homes. RJ-45 connectors, on the other hand, because of the number of conductors they support (eight total), are used primarily in LAN applications. Current recommendations are to install RJ-45 jacks for telephone applications because those jacks support both RJ-11 and RJ-45 connectors.

Both types of connectors are made of plastic with metal “fingers” inside them (as you can see in Figure 1). These fingers are pushed down into the individual conductors in a twisted-pair cable during the crimping process. Once these fingers are crimped and make contact with the conductors in the twisted-pair cable, they are the contact points between the conductors and the pins inside the RJ-11 or RJ-45 jack.

Two versions RJ connectors are stranded-conductor and solid conductors

>>Stranded-conductor twisted-pair cables

Stranded-conductor twisted-pair cables are made up of many tiny hairlike strands of copper twisted together into a larger conductor. These conductors have more surface area to make contact with but are more difficult to crimp because they change shape easily. Because of their difficulty to connectorize, they are usually used as patch cables.

>>solid-conductor cables

Most UTP cable installed in the walls and ceilings between patch panels and wall plates is solid-conductor cable. Although they are not normally used as patch cables, solid-conductor cables are easiest to connectorize, so many people make their own patch cords out of solidconductor

Tools for Connector Crimping

The first tool you’re going to need is a Fiber Optic Strippers, as shown in Figure 2. It will only cut through the outer jacket of the cable, not through the conductors inside. Many different kinds of cable strippers exist, but the most common are the small, plastic ones that easily fit into a shirt pocket. They are cheap to produce and purchase.

 
Figure2

Another tool you’re going to need when installing connectors on UTP or STP cable is a cable connector crimper. Many different styles of Network Crimping Tool can crimp connectors on UTP or STP cables. Figure3 shows an example of a crimper that can crimp both RJ-11 and RJ-45 connectors.

Notice the two holes for the different connectors and the cutting bar.

Figure3

The last tool you’re going to use is a cable tester. This device tests for a continuous signal from the source connector to the destination and also tests the quality of that connection

Installing the Connector

Now we’ll go over the steps for installing the connectors. Pay particular attention to the order of these steps(shown in Figure 4)and be sure to follow them exactly.

Equipment from some manufacturers may require you to perform Warnin g slightly different steps. Check the manufacturer’s instructions before installing any connector.

Figure4

Check

Check to ensure all conductors are making contact and that all pins have been crimped into their respective conductors. If the connector didn’t crimp properly, cut off the connector and redo it.

Cabling System Design and Installation

Understanding how to put the components together into a cohesive cabling system design is very important. Each of the components of a cabling system can fit together in many different ways.  Additionally, you must design the cabling system so that each component of that system meets or exceeds the goals of the cabling project.

Identify and understand the elements of a successful cabling installation

Before designing your system, you should understand how the following elements contribute to asuccessful installation:

1. Using proper design

2. Using quality materials

3. Practicing good workmanship

Each of these aspects can drastically affect network performance.

>> Proper Design

A proper cabling system design is paramount to a well-functioning cabling infrastructure. As with any other major project, the key to a successful cabling installation is this word: PLAN. A proper cabling system design is simply a plan for installing the cable runs and their associated devices. So what is a proper design? A proper cabling system design takes into account five primary criteria:

a. Desired standards and performance characteristics

b. Flexibility

c. Longevity

d. Ease of administration

e. Economy

Failure to think about these standards will lead to usability problems and bad network performance.

>> Quality Materials

Another element of a successful cabling installation is the use of quality materials. The quality of the materials used in a cabling installation will directly affect the transmission efficiency of a network. Many times, a vendor will sell many different cabling product lines, each with a different price point. The old adage that you get what you pay for really does apply to cabling supplies.

But that doesn't always mean that low price means low quality. Some providers make low price, high quality cabling supplies. In addition to price, you should check how the product is assembled. Qaulity materials are sturdy and well constructed. Low-quality materials will not be durable and may actually break while you are handling them.

>> Good Workmanship

There is a saying that any job worth doing is worth doing correctly. When installing cabling, this saying is especially true because shoddy workmanship can cause data transmission problems and thus lower the network's effective throughput. If you try to rush a cabling job to meet a deadline, you will usually end up doing some or the entire job over again.

Identify the pros and cons of network topologies

A topology is basically a map of a network. The physical topology of a network describes the layout of the cables and workstations and the location of all network components. Choosing the layout of how computers will be connected in a company’s network is critical. It is one of the first choices you will make during thedesign of the cabling system, and it is an important one because it tells you how the cables are to be run during the installation.

In this article "How To Choose the Correct Cabling" was described the basics of the hierarchical star, bus, and ring topologies. Here, we'll look at some of their advantages and disadvantages.

The advantages of Hierarchical Star Topology as following:

. It can be reconfigured quickly.

. A single cable failure won't bring down the entire network.

. It is relatively easy to troubleshoot.

. It allows the ability to centralize electronics and run fiber to the desk using the centralized cabling option.

. It also allows an end user to run backbone cables to telecommunications enclosures, also called FTTE.

. It is the only recognized topology in the industry standard, ANSI/TIA-568-C.

The disadvantges of Hierarchical Star Topology as following:

. The total installation cost can be higher than that of bus and ring topologies because of the larger number of cables.

. It has a single point of failure: the main hub.

The advantages of bus topology as following:

. It is simple to install.

. It is relatively inexpensive.

. It uses less cable than other topologies.

On the other hand, a bus topology has the following disadvantages:

. It is difficult to move and change.

. The topology has little fault tolerance (a single fault can bring down the entire network).

. It is difficult to troubleshoot.

Ring Topology

The ring topology has a few pros but many more cons, which is why it is seldom used. On thepro side, the ring topology is relatively easy to troubleshoot.

The cons are as follows:

. It is expensive because multiple cables are needed for each workstation.

. It is difficult to reconfigure.

. It is not fault tolerant. A single cable fault can bring down the entire network.

Selecting the Right Topology

From a practical standpoint, which topology to use has been decided for you. Because of its clear-cut advantages, the hierarchical star topology is the only recognized physical layout in ANSI/TIA-568-C. Unless you insist that your installation defy the standard, this will be the topology selected by your cabling system designer.

Understand cable installation procedures

A cabling installation involves five steps:

1. Design the cabling system.

2. Schedule the installation.

3. Install the cables.

4. Terminate the cables.

5. Test the installation.

>> Design the Cabling System

Following proper cabling design procedures will ensure the success of your cabling system installation is very important. Before you pull a single cable, you should have a detailed plan of how the installation will proceed. You should also know the scope of the project. Finally, you should have the design plan available to all people involved with the installation of the cable. Be sure to include anyone who needs to refer to the way the cabling is being installed. At the very least, this information should contain a blueprint of how the cables will be installed.

>> Schedule the Installation

In addition to having a proper cabling design, you should know approximately how long the installation will take and pick the best time to do it. From a planning standpoint, this is approximately the same time in new construction when the electrical cabling is installed.

For a post construction installation, you should schedule it so as to have the least impact on the building’s occupants and on the existing network or existing building infrastructure. It also works to schedule it in phases or sections.

>> Install the Cabling

Once you have a design and a proper schedule, you can proceed with the installation. We'll start with a discussion of the tools you will need.

The cabling tools as following:

. Pen and paper

. Hand tools

. Cable spool racks

. Fish tape

. Pull string

. Cable-pulling lubricant

. Two-way radio

. Labeling materials

. Tennis ball

Cabling system Documentation

Cabling system documentation includes information about what components make up a cabling system, how it is put together, and where to find individual cables. This information is compiled in a set of documents that can be referred to by the network administrator or cabling installer any time moves, additions, or changes need to be made to the cabling system.

The most useful piece of cabling system documentation is the cabling map. Just as its name implies, a cabling map indicates where every cable starts and ends. It also indicates approximately where each cable runs. Additionally, a cabling map can indicate the location of workstations, segments, hubs, routers, closets, and other cabling devices.

>> Terminate the Cable

Terminating the cables involves installing some kind of connector on each end (either a connector or a termination block) so that the cabling system can be accessed by the devices that are going to use it. This is the part of cabling system installation that requires the most painstaking attention to detail, because the quality of the termination greatly affects the quality of the signal being transmitted. Sloppy termination will yield an installation that won’t support higher- speed technologies.

Though many termination methods are used, they can be classified one of two ways: connectorizing or patch panel termination. Patch Panels have many different types, some for copper, some for fiber. Copper cable patch panels for UTP all have a few similar characteristics, for the most part. During termination, the individual conductors in the UTP Cable are pressed between the metal blades to make both the mechanical and electrical connection between the cable and the connector on the front of the patch panel. This type of patch panel is a 110-punch-down block (or 110-block, for short).

Figure 1 shows a sample patch panel

>> Test the Installation

Once you have a cable or cables installed and terminated, your last installation step is to test the connection. Each connection must be tested for proper operation, category rating, and possible connection problems. If the connection has problems, it must either be re-terminated or, in the worst-case scenario, the entire cable must be re-pulled.

Testing individual cables is done most effectively and quickly with a LAN Cable Tester (as shown in Figure 2. Cable testers are available for both copper and fiber optic cables.

Figure 2 shows Network LAN Cable Tester CT-168

You should test the entire cabling installation before installing any other hardware (hubs,PCs, etc.). That way, you avoid having to troubleshoot cabling-related problems later (or at least you minimize possible later problems).

Performance Of Network Interface Cards

A PCI Network Adapter or NIC Card (also referred to as a Network Interface Controller, Network Adapter, LAN Adapter or LAN card) is how your computer connects to the wired network in your home or office. It is a physical and data link layer device which uses MAC addresses. NIC adapter is plugged inside the computer either in the PCI slot or built-in the motherboard. Without it, there would be no interaction between the cord in the wall and your computer!
The network interface card is installed in an expansion slot of the computer. This card connects the computer to a network, and contains information on the computer’s location and also instructions for sending and receiving data over the network. It adds a serial port to the computer and the port connects directly to a network. NIC converts the computers’ low power signals to high power signals that can be transmitted over the network. NIC’s speed is measured in megabits per second (Mbps).
External LAN cards are larger and are placed in any PCI slot on the motherboard, except the PCI Express slot. Internal LAN cards on the other hand come integrated with your chipset. Internal LAN cards are integrated into the motherboard of your computer and generally provide higher transfer speeds on a network. Internal LAN cards require drivers to function, thus if your internal LAN card stop working for any reason you will first need to reinstall your drivers with a fresh download. If however that still doesn’t fix your problems, you will need to buy an external network interface driver. Make sure to buy a network interface card that offers the same transfer speeds as your internal LAN card.
LAN cards usually support network transfer rates of 10, 100 or 1000, megabits per second. Depending on your requirements and network you should choose a LAN card that will provide the optimal transfer rate for your network.
LAN cards are used mostly in ethernet networks and designate an IP address to your connection. This IP address is what defines your computer’s connection on the Internet or your network. Every NIC has unique MAC address and no two NIC cards from two different vendors can have the same MAC address. NIC has twisted pair, BNC and AUI sockets. The one end of the network cable is used to connect with the NIC and the other end is used to connect with the hub or switch. NIC provides the full-time connectivity for the data transmission. Sometimes computers do not communicate with each other due to the malfunctioning of the NIC.
A twisted pair UTP/STP with RJ45 connector is used to connect the computer with the Hub or Switch. Optic Fiber Cable or Fiber Patch Cable can also be used to connect the computer to the hub or switch. A NIC can be wired or wireless and it has digital circuitry and microprocessor. Before buying and installing a network interface card, make sure that it is compatible with the other network devices. There are different vendors of the NIC such as D-Link, 3Com, Intel, Realtek, Baylan and FiberStore.

WDM Networks The Transponder

In optical fiber communications, Optical Transponder sends and receives the optical signal from a fiber. A transponder is typically characterized by its data rate and the maximum distance signal travels.
The transponders are of two types namely transmit transponders and receive transponders. The function of transmit transponder is to convert the incoming optical signal into pre-defined optical wavelength. The transponder (transmit) first converts the optical signal to an electrical signal and performs reshaping, retiming and retransmitting functions, also called 3R functions. The electrical signal is then used to drive the laser, which generates the optical signals having optical wavelength. The output from the all transponders (transmits) is fed to combiner in order to
combine all optical channels in optical domain. In receive transponder, reverse process takes place.
Individual wavelengths are first split from the combined optical signal with the help of Fiber Splitter and then fed to individual receive transponders, which convert the optical signal to electrical, thus 3R function and finally convert the signal back to the optical. Thus the individual channels are obtained. As the output of the transponder is factory set to a particular wavelength, each optical channel requires unique transponder.
Often, fiber optic transponders are used for testing interoperability and compatibility. Typical tests and measurements include jitter performance, receiver sensitivity as a function of bit error rate (BER), and transmission performance based on path penalty. Some fiber optic transponders are also used to perform transmitter eye measurements.
The transponder according to the invention utilises delays that are switchable between different optical fiber lines, so as to be able to select many different lengths without the necessity of re-designing the same transponder. Moreover, the transponder according to the invention uses a Single Side Band (SSB) optical component which produces an optical shift of the frequency of the radar signal, that avoids the drawbacks and solves the problems of the traditional electrical systems. The transponder according to the invention is comprised in multifunctional radar systems and allows at least three different uses: the first is the systems calibration on the basis of moving targets that are simulated in the production step,the second one is the performances test of a radar that has already been calibrated in the step of the system acceptance by the client (Field Acceptance Test), and the third one is the support to the identification of possible faults and nonworking partsof the radar, during the operation life of the same radar system. The transponder of the invention comes out to be easily producible and transportable.
An integrated transponder will also be needed: one transponder that couples to 10 individual fibers at a much lower cost than 10 individual transponders. With a super-channel transponder, several wavelengths are used, each with its own laser, modulator and detector. Photonic integration is the challenge to achieve a cost-effective transponder.
The Difference Between Fiber Optic Transponder And Optical Transceivers
A transponder and transceiver are both functionally similar devices that convert a full-duplex electrical signal in a full-duplex optical signal. The difference between the two is that fiber transceivers interface electrically with the host system using a serial interface, whereas transponders use a parallel interface. So transponders are easier to handle lower-rate parallel signals, but are bulkier and consume more power than transceivers.

The Application of 10G PON Technology

With the major carriers "Broadband speed", "Light of Copper" project extensively, The future will be a multimedia broadband services, video on demand, interactive games as the main feature, high-bandwidth, integrated operators will be judged promoted by the merits of the standard broadband products.

Under the broadband Fiber Optic Network in the trend, PON technology has become the world's attention to various telecom operators hot technology is one of the operators to implement "broadband speed", "Light of Copper" engineering technology base. Wheter EPON, or GPON, which provides only for the uplink and downlink bandwidth of 1G or 2G, but with the current interactive network TV (IPTV), high definition television (HDTV), online games, video services and other large flow, a large broadband business development and popularization of the per-user bandwidth demand is expected to grow every three years, a trend of increasing magnitude, from the future operator of long-term trends, per-user bandwidth demand will be 50-100 Mbit/s between. This way, EPON and GPON are unable to meet the future needs of the development of broadband services, the existing PON port bandwidth, there will be a bottleneck. Therefore, ITU-T, FSAN, IEEE and other major standards organizations begin the next generation of PON technology research.

Similar to 1G PON Technology, 10G PON and 10G EPON technology is still divided into two camps 10G GPON. In IEEE 802.3av 10G EPON standards, maximizing follows the usual IEEE 802.3ah content, with good upward compatibility.

>> 10G PON technical analysis

Recalling the history of PON technology can be found in each of the PON technology from birth to the end of the day have to go through large-scale commercial development of technical standards, the relevant chip and optical module development, test and production, the creation of experimental and commercial bureau 4 stages of deployment, which lasted five years or so, each one of which will go through several stages of development of the argument.

* Standardization Advances

Standards are mature is the precondition of judging whether a technology have lead to condition. At this stage, including IEEE, ITU-T, FSAN and number of ongoing international standardization organizations 10G EPON and 10G GPON standards development work of two technologies. Overall, the 10G EPON technology start time earlier than 10G GPON, therefore, the current standardization process of 10G EPON slightly faster than 10G GPON.

a. 10G EPON

Technologies with 1G EPON, 10G EPON standards are mainly led by the IEEE to complete. IEEE organization at September 12, 2009 released the 10G EPON international standards 802.3av, this standard focuses on the physical layer 10G EPON technology research, followed the tradition of 1G EPON MPCP protocol, the 1G EPON downlink bandwidth increases to 10G at the same time, to ensure that the operator of the original investment is not compromised and 10G EPON smooth upgrade, IEEE 802.3av standard defines and 1G EPON ONU coexist in the same ODN network of 10G EPON ONU standard parameters.

Further, in IEEE 802.3av standard, the physical layer defines two parameters: one asymmetric model, which 10G rate downlink and 1G rate uplink; other is symmetrical pattern, i.e. uplink rate and downlink rate are both 10G. Asymmetric mode can be considered as a transitional form symmetrical patterns, in the early less demand for upstream bandwidth and cost sensitive applications, you can use an asymmetric form. With the development of business and technology progress, will be gradually transition to a symmetrical mode.

b. 10G GPON

According to ITU-T Study plans, NGPON will experience two standard phases: the first phase is the coexistence with GPON, GPON ODN heavy use of XG-PON, which in turn contains the uplink and downlink phase XG-PON1 asymmetric and symmetric XG-PON2 two kind of model; Second stage is completely new ODN's NGA2. High concern Wavelength Division Multiplexing - Passive Optical Network (WDM-PON) technology areas belong to the second stage, it was adopted in a fiber access network using multiple wavelengths to achieve the expansion, but the burst mode CWDM, colorless ONU transceivers, tunable WDM devices and some difficult technology can not break, WDM-PON is still at the proof stage.

In the end of September 2009 meeting of the ITU-T SG 15 plenary session, Q2 Working Group officially launched the NG-PON standard text in the first stage, that overall demand for next-generation PON systems (G.987.1) and Physical Layer Specifications (G.987.2), and also developed in mid-2010, publishing transmission convergence layer (G.987.3) and management control interface (G.988) standards program.

* Technical Parameters

Wheter IEEE 802.3av, or ITU-T G.987 protocol suite, all relevant technical parameters for 10G PON physical layer index, optical power budget to make a detailed definition. However, due to the two major standards organizations considered the starting point, the technical indicators are also some differences.

a. 10G EPON

There are four key points of 10G EPON technology:

1. Defines six 10G EPON optical power budget, in view of the asymmetric mode PRX10, PRX20 and PRX30 as well as for symmetric mode PR10, PR20 and PR30, these six kinds of optical power budget model is basically to meet the construction needs of the service provider network;

2. 10G EPON technology in achieving the 1G EPON conventional multi-point control protocol layer (MPCP) based on the forward compatibility, also extended the original message type, for reporting optical terminal equipment (OLT), ONU Optical Transceiver Module switch time to meet the 10G EPON system requirements;

3. 10G EPON uses (255, 223) Forward Error Correction (FEC) encoding method, the encoded with FEC coding for the same strain of 1G EPON, but its strong support 10G EPON coding gain can lower the sensitivity of the optical receiver;

4. 10G EPON uplink and downlink wavelength for the re-planning, downlink using 1268-1280nm wavelength, then reuse the original uplink of 1G EPON 1575-1580 nm wavelength, the wavelength in order to avoid conflicts, 10G EPON uplink only use time division multiple access (TDMA) manner.

b. 10G GPON

Has been released G.987.1 standard that defines 10G GPON system's overall technical requirements and system architecture, clearly put forward the 10G GPON system to ensure good QoS, based on the traditional telecom services to fully support all emerging businesses and the same time, also provides dynamic Bandwidth Allocation (DBA) algorithm, energy saving, authentication and encryption related content to inherit the original 1G GPON technology; The G.987.2 is the focus of standardized 10G GPON physical layer parameters, including downlink rate, ODN power budget, splitting ratio, up and down the line wavelength range and line coding, etc., although down the line of 10G EPON same wavelength range and 10G EPON, GPON but due to the wavelength with 1G is not conflict, therefore, 10G GPON uplink and downlink are used wavelength division multiple access (WDMA) manner.

* Industrial chain development

A complete industrial chain, including chip PON, optical modules and equipment three links. If to analysis PON industry chain, it need to start from the three links, analysis of every link current development status and future development trend.

Overall, 10G EPON and 10G GPON is currently not reach the requirements of large-scale commercial applications, although some equipment manufacturers have recently introduced a 10G EPON or 10G GPON products, and with operators, the creation of some experimental inning, but still in the laboratory testing phase, is still some distance away from the large-scale commercial.

>> Conclusion

10G PON technology to meet future access networks, "large-capacity, fewer offices," the direction of development, while improving access speed, supports larger branching ratio, covering more users. Therefore, 10G PON technology will become the future telecom operators to achieve "broadband speed", "Light of Copper" and other broadband network construction hot technology for sustainable development.

What is Known as Fiber to the X

Fiber To The X (FTTx) is different from a traditional fiber optic network that would be used for a local area network (LAN) application. In most FTTX applications, only one optical fiber is used. That single optical fiber passes data in both directions. This is very different from a LAN application where the transmit optical fiber sends data in one direction and the receive optical fiber sends data in the other direction. In a LAN application, both optical fibers can have data passing through them at the same time.

In an FTTX single optical fiber application, full-duplex operation is typically not possible; Usually only half-duplex operation takes place. This means that part of the time the optical fiber is carrying a signal in one direction, and the rest of the time, it is carrying a signal in the other direction.

FTTx systems typically use multiple wavelengths. The downstream laser is always a different wavelength than the upstream laser. The downstream is typically the longer wavelength, such as 1480nm or 1550nm (or both), and the upstream laser is typically 1310nm.

FTTX is possible with optical fiber distances up to 20km because optical fiber is capable of transmitting information with a very low level of loss. The typical loss for an FTTX optical fiberat 1550nm is 0.25dB/km and 0.35dB/km at 1310nm.

Figure 1 A schematic illustrating how FTTX architectures vary — with regard to the distance between the optical fiber and the end-user

Fiber To the Home

A fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) PON uses optical fiber from the central office to the home; At the home, a converter box changes the optical signal from the optical fiber into electrical signals. Theconverter box interfaces with existing home cabling such as coaxial cabing for cable TV, twisted-pair cabling for telephone, and Category 5e or 6 cabling for Internet connectivity.

Fiber to the Building

A fiber-to-the-building (FTTB) PON is very similar to an FTTH PON. It uses optical fiber from the central office to the building and there are no electronics helping with transmission in between. The ptical signal from optical fiber is converter into electrical signals in a converter box at the building. The converter box interfaces with existing cabling such as coaxial cabling for cable TV, twisted-pair cabling for telephone, and Category 5e or 6 cabling for Internet connectivity.

Fiber optic setups enable higher speeds of delivery and greater bandwidth than some other kinds of infrastructure. Some of the fiber networks deploying signals to the most sophisticated equipment can benefit from a multimode fiber connection, where a specific kind of fiber optic cable may be used for optimal speed.

Fiber to the Curb

"Fiber to the curb" (FTTC) refers to the installation and use of Fiber Optical Cable directly to the curbs near homes or any business environment as a replacement for "plain old telephone service" (POTS). In a fiber-to-the-curb PON, optical fiber runs from the central office and stops at the curb. The "curb" may be right in front of the house or some distance down the block. The converter box is located where the optical fiber stops, and it changes the optical signal from the optical fiber into electrical signals. These electrical signals are usually brought into the home through the existing copper cabling. The electrical signal may need to be processed by another converter in interface with existing twisted pair cabling for phone, and cat 5e or 6 cabling for Internet connectivity.

Fiber to the Node

Fiber to the node (FTTN) is sometimes referred to as fiber to the neighborhood. A FTTN PON only has optical fiber from the central office to the node. The node is typically telecommunications cabinet that serves a neighborhood or section of a neighborhood. The optical signal from the optical fiber is converted into electrical signals inside the telecommunications cabinet. These electrical signals are distributed throughout the neighborhood through existing copper cables to the houses.

One of the main benefits of fiber to the node and similar systems is the ability to deliver data over more efficient fiber optic lines, rather than other lines with greater speed restrictions. The remaining area from the node to an individual destination, often called "last mile" service, can be achieved with copper or other types of wire. FTTN systems often use coaxial or twisted-pair cable in order to achieve delivery to multiple customers.

The Major Outside Plant Components for an FTTX PON

The outside plant components make up the PON infrastructure and are all designed for installation exterior to buildings. The cables connect different access points in the PON. Everything is initiated from the central office or central switching point.

* Cables

There are feeder, distribution, and drop cables are employed in an FTTX PON.

Feeder cables: Feeder cables run from the central switching point to the local convergence point. These cables typically contain multiple ribbons of 12 single mode optical fibers each. A common feeder cable will contain 18 ribbons for a total of 216 single mode optical fibers.

Distribution cable: Distribution cables run from the local convergence point to the network access point. A distribution cable can have as few as 12 optical fibers or as many as 144. A typical distribution cable has 72 optical fibers.

Drop Cables: A drop cable is a single optical fiber cable that is terminated at the factory, typically with SC connectors on both ends. The cable is environmentally sealed and the connectors are sealed when they are mated.

Figure 2 shows sc connector

* Local Convergence Point

The local convergence point (LCP) is the access point where the feeder cables are broken out into multiple distribution cables. Depending on the architecture of the PON, the local convergence point may or may not be the place where the optical signals are split. The optical signals may be split at the network access point with a Fiber Splitter like the one shown in Figure.

Figure 3 shows optical fiber field rated local convergence cabinet

Figure 4 shows optical splitter

* Network Access Point

The network access point (NAP) is located close to the homes or buildings it services. This is the point where a distribution cable is broken out into multiple drop cables. The NAP is a terminal that serves as a connection point for drop cables. The NAP is a terminal that serves as a connection point for drop cables. It may be installed in an aerial installation, in a pedestal, or in a hand hole.

* Network Interface Device

The drop cable runs from the NAP to the network interface device (NID). The NID is typically mounted to the outside of the house or building. It is an all-plastic enclosure designed to housethe electronics that support the network. The SC connector on the end of the drop cable mateswith the connector in the NID.

What are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Fiber Optic Cabling

Fiber optic cabling consists of strands of purified glass, or even plastic, rods that conduct specific wavelengths of light, analogous to the electrons carried along a Network Cables. However, light traveling through glass or plastic is not susceptible to the same problems that metal conductors are; The electromagnetic radiation that results from current traveling through a wire is not present in optical conductors, and optical conductors can be made much smaller than metal ones.

Advantages of Fiber Optic Cabling

There are four advantages of fiber optic cabling, these advantages explain why fiber is becoming the preferred network cabling medium for high bandwidth, long-distance applications:

1. Immunity to Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)

All copper cable network media sharing a common problem: they are susceptible to electromagnetic interference (EMI), fiber optic cabling is immune to crosstalk because optical fiber does not conduct electricity and uses light signals in a glass fiber, rather than electrical signals along a metallic conductor to transmit data. So it cannot produce a magnetic field and thus is immune to EMI.

2. Higher Possible Data Rates

Because light is immune to interference, can be modulated at very high frequencies, and travels almost instantaneously to its destination, much higher data rates are possible with fiber optic cabling technologies than with traditional copper systems. Data rates far exceeding the gigabit per second (Gbps) range and higher are possible, and the latest IEEE standards body is working on 100Gbps fiber based applications over much longer distances than copper cabling. Multimode is preferred fiber optic type for 100-550 meters seen in LAN network, and since single mode fiber optic cables are capable of transmitting at these multi-gigabit data rates over very long distances, they are the preferred media for transcontinental and oceanic applications.

3. Longer Maximum Distances

Typical copper media data transmission by the distance limits the maximum length of less than 100 meters. Because they do not suffer from the electromagnetic interference problems of traditional copper cabling and because they do not use electrical signals that can dramatically reduce the long distance, single-mode fiber optic cables can span 75 kilometers (about 46.6 miles) without using signal-boosting repeaters.

4. Better Security

The Copper cable transmission media is susceptible to eavesdropping through taps. A tap (short for wiretap) is a device that punctures through the outer jacket of a copper cable and touches the inner conductor. The tap intercepts signals sent on a LAN and sends them to another (unwanted) location. Electromagnetic (EM) taps are similar devices, but rather than puncturing the cable,they use the cable’s magnetic fields, which are similar to the pattern of electrical signals. Because fiber optic cabling uses light instead of electrical signals, it is immune to most types of eavesdropping. Traditional taps won’t work because any intrusion on the cable will cause the light to be blocked and the connection simply won’t function. EM taps won’t work because no magnetic field is generated. Because of its immunity to traditional eavesdropping tactics, fiber optic cabling is used in networks that must remain secure, such as government and research networks.

Disadvantages of Fiber Optic Cabling

With all of its advantages, many people use fiber optic cabling. However, fiber optic cabling does have a couple of disadvantages:

1. Higher Cost

The higher cost of fiber optic cabling has little to do with the cable these days. Increases in available Fiber Optical Cable manufacturing capacity have lowered cable prices to levels comparable to high end UTP on a per-foot basis, and the cables are no harder to pull. Ethernet hubs, switches, routers, NICs, and patch cords for UTP are very inexpensive. A high quality UTP-based 10/100/1000 auto-sensing Ethernet NIC for a PC can be purchased for less than $25. A fiber optic NIC for a PC costs at least four times as much. Similar price differences exist for hubs, routers, and switches. For an IT manager who has several hundred workstations to deploy and support, that translates to megabucks and keeps UTP a viable solution. The cost of network electronics keeps the total system cost of fiber-based networks higher than UTP, and ultimately, it is preventing a mass stampede to fiber-to-the-desk.

2. Installation

The other main disadvantage of fiber optic cabling is that it can be more difficult to install. Copper cable ends simply need a mechanical connection, and those connections don't have to be perfect. Fiber optic cable can be much trickier to make connections for mainly because of the nature of the glass or plastic core of the fiber cable. When you cut or cleave (in fiber optic terms) the fiber, the unpolished end consists of an irregular finish of glass that diffuses the light signal and prevents it form guiding into the receiver correctly. The end of the fiber must be polished and a special polishing tools to make it perfectly flat so that the light will shine through correctly.

Figure shows the difference between a polished and an unpolished fiber-optic cable end